There are two basic types of coffee: brewed coffee and espresso.
Brewed coffee usually involves running hot water through coffee grounds, though it can be made using a cold-water process too. Most of the time brewed coffee is prepared using light- or medium-roast coffee, or with a dark roast like Viennese or French.
Espresso coffee mostly uses the darkest roast of coffee bean and the technique involves running hot water rapidly through finely ground espresso beans. This produces a small cup of very strong-tasting coffee that generally needs to be sweetened with at least a slight amount of sugar.

Credits:

The Big Book of Beverages
Master Making Coffee, Iced Tea, Juices, Infused Water, Alcoholic Cocktails, Smoothies, and Much More with O­ver 870 Recipes!
Stephanie Bennett,
Marissa Marie,
& John Carter
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